Agrupamos voces para econtrar respuestas al reto de acceso a la vivienda
Hay alguna manera de evitar que el acceso a la vivienda sea una barrera tan fuerte para los jóvenes que se quieren emancipar? Probablemente ya no nos sorprende saber que los precios del alquiler en Barcelona continúan aumentando, y que para muchas personas jóvenes la vivienda supone un gasto de gran parte del su salario. Si la situación ya es preocupante para tanta gente, cómo pueden salir adelante los chicos y chicas que se tienen que emancipar con tan solo 18 años, sin poder contar con el apoyo de la familia y en algunos casos sin trabajo o sin el permiso para obtenerlo?
Para intentar encontrar alternativas a esta problemática hemos querido hablar con diversas voces que conforman el mapa de vivienda. El espacio de conversación El Berenar a Punt ha acogido el primer debate del año, bajo el título «500€ por una habitación? Alternativas para acceder a la vivienda.» Os lo contamos!
El contexto:
- Los últimos datos del Àrea de Suport al Jove Tutelat i Extutelat (ASJTET) alertan por lo que se refiere al riesgo de sinhogarismo entre la juventud extutelada: un 75,5% de las chicas y chicos atendidos por el sistema de protección no disponen de ningún recurso de vivienda asistida cuando cumplen los 18 años.
- Un 17,9% de las personas sin vivienda son jóvenes y esta cifra va incrementando cuando hablamos de este colectivo, según un estudio reciente de la Red de Atención a Personas sin Hogar, del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona.
El debate
Han venido a debatirlo Joan Batlle y Bastardas, Director de Programas Sociales de Vivienda de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Susana Bonet, Departamento de Atención a Persones Sin Hogar o en Situación de Exclusión Residencial del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona, Eva Ortigosa, de la Cooperativa Sostre Cívic, Alejandro Llorens, Administración de fincas La Gran Urbe, y un equipo de Punt de Referència formado por Rachid (joven), Tere (educadora) Carmen (voluntaria y miembro de la Junta de Punt) y Rita (directora).
Susana empieza el debate celebrando la presencia de los diversos representantes que acoge la cocina de Punt, porque dice, para afrontar un problema tan complejo no sería suficiente con que uno de ellos
trabaje para unas mejores condiciones de acceso a la vivienda, habrá que sumar de forma conjunta. Su observación fue premonitoria de las propuestas de trabajo conjunto que el debate generó.
Las respuestas pues, dependerán de la gestión tanto privada como pública del alquiler de las viviendas.
Qué le pediríamos a la Administración Publica? Susana recuerda la iniciativa aprobada recientemente en Berlín, donde se ha optado por regular desde la Administración un precio máximo por metro cuadrado. Joan apuesta también por explorar el Observatorio Metropolitano de la Vivienda de Barcelona para poder recuperar la gestión pública de viviendas que, aunque ahora son privadas, perderían este régimen en un corto plazo de tiempo.
Carmen propone la primera solución que agruparía en un convenio la Administración Pública y alguna entidad bancaria, con tal que proporcionen una bolsa de avales a jóvenes que no pueden disponer de ellos, a modo de créditos a devolver en un plazo largo de tiempo. Alejandro comenta que ya existe el programa Avalloguer de la Generalitat, y que aunque su implementación generó inseguridades, se podría aprovechar el trabajo hecho y construir una propuesta aprovechando esta base. Esta propuesta, además, podría ser complementaria con la última: Alejandro propone tejer puentes directamente desde la entidad con Administradores de Fincas, comenta que muchas personas propietarias querrían ofrecer sus viviendas al colectivo de jóvenes extutelados, en el marco de un acorde con la entidad de la cual forman parte.
Modelos alternativos al binomio alquiler – compra
Delante las dificultades de acceso a la vivienda, hay iniciativas en funcionamiento que han ido consolidando alternativas, como es el caso de Sostre Cívic. Eva explica que la cooperativa considera que la vivienda es un derecho que se ha pervertido y que Sostre Cívic quiere salir de las lógicas de mercado y propone el modelo de vivienda en cesión de uso. Sus viviendas son titularidad de la propia cooperativa y las personas que quieran alojarse en ellas tendrán que ser socias. Su modelo ha ido creciendo modestamente y la construcción de los pisos ha sido posible también gracias a crédito público y a una Banca ética. Eva considera que también las administraciones locales tendrían que asumir esta responsabilidad. Joan está de acuerdo y confía que estos nuevos modeles de vivienda con el tiempo puedan tener más apoyo por parte de la Administración.
Problemas añadidos: el racismo
Rachid nos cuenta el periplo que ha vivido visitando más de 20 pisos en los que le han pedido un precio mínimo de 500€ mensuales, un importe al que no puede hacer frente con su salario. Tanto él como Tere celebran que se puedan abrir alternativas con tal que los jóvenes no tengan tantas dificultades económicas de acceso a la vivienda, pero Tere nos recuerda que los chicos y chicas a quienes acompañamos también se enfrentan a otro gran problema: el de los prejuicios. «Cuantas veces he acompañado a Rachid a visitar un piso y no se lo han dado por ser marroquí? Falta sensibilidad y confianza en este sentido, estaría muy bien también tejer algún trabajo en este sentido con los propietarios.»
Alejandro lo lamenta y explica los factores que han hecho que actualmente las personas propietarias puedan escoger quienes serán los inquilinos, un hecho que perjudica las personas racializadas: la elevada demanda de alquiler ha provocado que los propietarios busquen entre los candidatos un perfil de inquilino económicamente estable, y se aseguran de escoger personas que no entren en situación de impago. Este hecho se ha acentuado con la reciente Reforma de la Ley de arrendamientos Urbanos que decreta que los avales para el alquiler de una vivienda solamente podrán cubrir dos mensualidades (hasta momento el aval podía responder a la necesidad pactada).
Pese a todas las dificultades económicas y los prejuicios que la juventud tutelada y extutelada tiene que vivir para conseguir su vivienda, hoy finalizamos la merienda con buen sabor de boca. Hemos aprendido que aún hay modelos alternativos a explorar y que todas las voces que han participado hoy tienen ganas de sentarse y tratar las soluciones en profundidad. Además, hoy nos han confirmado que Rachid, después de luchar por encontrar una vivienda, pronto vivirá en un piso de Sostre Cívic en Martorell.
Felicidades Rachid!
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